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Following questions are based on VERBAL ANALOGIES.For each question, select the alternative that exhibits a similar relationship as shown by the QUESTION PAIR.

Check your answers with ours given at the end !!

1. HAIR: HARE
a. Smart: Pretty
b. Bushel: Com
c. Fair : Fare
d. Moral: Amoral

2. SALUTATION: FAREWELL
a. Introduction: Conclusion
b. Deposit: Withdraw
c. Companion: Friendship
d. Mingle: Emerge

3. SHARD: POTIERY
a. Island: Sea
b. Canto: Poem
c. Whole: Part
d. Grass: Field

4. SINGER: CHORUS
a. Market: Crowd
b. Flowers: Garland
c. Artist: Troupe
d. Fish: Pond

5. MONEY: SQUANDER
a. Power: Generator
b. Food: Hunger
c. Energy: Dissipate
d. Battery: Charge

6. SNEER: CONTEMPT
a. Grimace: Pain
b. Snarl: Restlessness
c. Mourn: Frustration
d. Joke: Happiness

7. BEAR: LUMBER
a. Deer: Swoop
b. Cat: Stealth
c. Frisk: Lamb
d. Lion: Growls

8. EAR : SOUND
a. Hear: See
b. Smell: Listen
c. Hand: Fist
d. Eye: Light

9. TEPID: TORRID
a. Livid: Lurid
b. Pool: Placid
c. Cool: Frigid
d. Lack: Abundance

10. PROCTOR: SUPERVISE
a. Prophet: Rule
b. Prodigy: Wonder
c. Profiteer: Consume
d. Prodigal: Squander

Answers

1 c
2 c
3 b
4 c
5 c
6 a
7 b
8 d
9 c
10 d

Following questions are based on VERBAL ANALOGIES.

For each question, select the alternative that exhibits a similar relationship as shown by the QUESTION PAIR.

Check your answers with ours given in the end !!

1. RELICS: CIVILIZATION
a. Building: Debris
b. Current: Bygone
c. Ashes: Fire
d. Bottle: Stopper

2. ROMANTIC: REALISTIC
a. Dramatic: Prosaic
b. Thought: Idea
c. Fanciful: Actual
d. Poet: Dramatist

3. EMBRYO: CHILD
a. Fruit: Rind
b. Sprout: Plant
c. Seed: Fruit
d. Tar : Coal

4. FOOT:TOE
a. Land: Cape
b. House: Gate
c. Hand: Glove
d. Nails: Finger

5. ODYSSEY: GREEK
a. Utopia: English
b. Tulsi Das : Sanskrit
c. Monalisa : English
d. Dante: Latin

6. HYPOCRISY: HONESTY
a. Literature: Philosophy
b. Arrogant: Notorious
c. Seldom: Often
d. Murder: Sympathy

7. PLANT: FUNGUS
a. Police: Robbers
b. Lion: Lamb
c. Sailor: Pirate
d. Major: Sepoy

8. GOOSE:GANDER
a. Duck: Drake
b. Hen: Chicken
c. Horse: Colt
d. Donkey: Mule

9. ASCETIC: LUXURY
a. Scholar: Knowledge
b. Misogynist: Women
c. Capitalist: Poverty
d. Martyr: Man

10. HOT: SIZZLING
a. Pale: Dull
b. Gay: Morose
c. Damp: Wet
d. Wide: Broad

Answers

1. c
2. c
3. b
4. a
5. a
6. c
7. c
8. a
9. b
10. c

1. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was elected as
(a) 13th President of India
(b) 12th President of India
(c) 11th President of India
(d) 10th President of India.

2. Who among the following administers the oath of the office to Chief Justice of Supreme Court
(a) Constitutional Bench of Supreme Court
(b) Preceding Chief Justice of Supreme Court
(c) President of India
(d) President with two sitting judges of Supreme Court.

3. The first-ever conviction of death sentence under section 3, sub-section (2) of the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA) and under section 302 of IPC were awarded for offence of
(a) attack on Parliament of India
(b) terrorists attack in State of Gujarat
(c) terrorists attack in State of Assam
(d) terrorists attack on Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir.

4. “East Timor” gains independence in 2002 from
(a) Indonesia
(b) Brazil
(c) Nyzeria
(d) Malaysia.

5. World Earth Summit was held in September 2002 at
(a) Johannesburg
(b) London
(c) New York
(d) Hague.

6. The second most popular song of the world as voted in a poll by BBC world service is:
(a) Vande Mataram
(b) Irish Republican anthem
(c) John Lenvovis Imagine
(d) Queen’s Bohemian Rhapsody.

7. Dhirubhai Ambani was the founder of:
(a) Reliance Industries
(b) Tata Industries
(c) Birla Group of Industries
(d) Mafatlal Group of Industries.

8. Mr. Narendra Modi led BJP secured 126 seats in
(a) 182 member Assembly in Gujarat
(b) 172 member Assembly in Gujarat
(c) 192 member Assembly in Gujarat
(d) 162 member Assembly in Gujarat.

9. NDC in relation to 10th Five Year plan 2002-2007 abbreviates for
(a) National Defence Council
(b) National Development Council
(c) National Drugs Commission
(d) National Dis-investment Commission.

10. Lt. Gen. N.C. Vij took over as
(a) Chief of Navy
(b) Chief of Air Force
(c) Chief of Army
(d) Chief of both Army and Navy.

11. European Union Emerges as the Largest Market of the World on 13th December 2002 because:
(a) ten new countries joined
(b) twenty new countries joined
(c) fifteen new countries joined
(d) twelve new countries joined.

12. The Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) which proved the Stock Market Scam was headed by Mr. Prakash Mani Tripathi. The report was
(a) constituted in April 2001 presented in December 2002
(b) constituted in April 2002 presented in December 2002
(c) constituted in August 2002 presented in December 2002
(d) constituted in October 2002 presented in December 2002.

13. First human clone was born on
(a) 26th December 2002
(b) 27th November 2002
(c) 22nd November 2002
(d) 21st December 2002.

14. The present Solicitor General of India
(a) Mr. Soli J. Sorabjee
(b) Mr. Kirit N. Raval
(c) Mr. Jana Krishnamurthi
(d) Mr. G.B. Pattnaik.

15. Justice V.N. Khare who became the 33rd Chief Justice of Supreme Court succeeded
(a) Justice G.B. Pattnaik
(b) Justice B.N. Kirpal
(c) Justice S.P. Barucha
(d) Justice J.S. Verma.

Answers
1 (b)
2 (c)
3 (a)
4 (a)
5 (a)
6 (a)
7 (a)
8 (a)
9 (b)
10 (c)
11 (a)
12 (a)
13 (a)
14 (b)
15( a)

Directions : For questions in this section mark

(a) If condition (i) alone is sufficient
(b) If condition (ii) alone is sufficient
(c) If both conditions together are sufficient
(d) If condition (i) alone & (ii) alone are sufficient
(e) information not sufficient

1. Is x < 4?
1) x = 9
2) x =25

A) if statement (1) by itself is sufficient to answer the question, but statement (2) by itself is not;
B) if statement (2) by itself is sufficient to answer the question, but statement (1) by itself is not;
C) if statements (1) and (2) taken together are sufficient to answer the question, even though neither statement by itself is sufficient;
D) If either statement by itself is sufficient to answer the question;
E) If statements (1) and (2) taken together are not sufficient to answer the question, requiring more data pertaining to the problem.

Solution:
(1) implies that x = +/- 3 (+/- means positive or negative). Both +3 and -3 are less than 4, so the answer is “NO” and (1) is sufficient, that is NO, x is not greater than 4. A “NO” answer is equally acceptable as a “YES” answer. It is only necessary that there is sufficient information to answer the question. (2) implies x = positive or negative 5. -5 is less than 4 and + 5 is greater than 4, so the question cannot be answered with the information given in (2). The correct response is A.

———————————————————————
2. What is x - y?
1) x + y = 8
2) x - 2y = 2

A) if statement (1) by itself is sufficient to answer the question, but statement (2) by itself is not;
B) if statement (2) by itself is sufficient to answer the question, but statement (1) by itself is not;
C) if statements (1) and (2) taken together are sufficient to answer the question, even though neither statement by itself is sufficient;
D) If either statement by itself is sufficient to answer the question;
E) If statements (1) and (2) taken together are not sufficient to answer the question, requiring more data pertaining to the problem.

Solution:
(1) is not sufficient since (x - y) is the quantity desired. Likewise, (2) is not sufficient. But (1) and (2) together provide us with 2 equations and two unknowns from which x - y can be determined. The correct response is C. (We may solve the problem by subtracting (2) from (1): 3y = 6, therefore y = 2 and x = 6, so that x - y = 6 - 2 = 4. This calculation is, however, unnecessary.)

———————————————————————
3. How old is Gloria?
1) Gloria’s age is four times Alex’s age plus Becky’s age.
2) Becky was Alex’s age fifteen years ago.

A) if statement (1) by itself is sufficient to answer the question, but statement (2) by itself is not;
B) if statement (2) by itself is sufficient to answer the question, but statement (1) by itself is not;
C) if statements (1) and (2) taken together are sufficient to answer the question, even though neither statement by itself is sufficient;
D) If either statement by itself is sufficient to answer the question;
E) If statements (1) and (2) taken together are not sufficient to answer the question, requiring more data pertaining to the problem.

Solution:
(1) is obviously not sufficient as is (2). Can the question be answered with (1) and (2)? Let x be Gloria’s age, y be Alex’s age, and z be Becky’s age. (1) states that x = 4y + z. (2) states that z - 15 = y. These two equations contain three unknowns; consequently, we cannot determine x. More information is needed and the correct response is E.

———————————————————————
4. A student group sold only donuts and GMAT books to raise funds. How many GMAT books were sold?
1) 30% of the 90 items sold were GMAT books.
2) 63 donuts were sold.

A) if statement (1) by itself is sufficient to answer the question, but statement (2) by itself is not;
B) if statement (2) by itself is sufficient to answer the question, but statement (1) by itself is not;
C) if statements (1) and (2) taken together are sufficient to answer the question, even though neither statement by itself is sufficient;
D) If either statement by itself is sufficient to answer the question;
E) If statements (1) and (2) taken together are not sufficient to answer the question, requiring more data pertaining to the problem.

Solution:
(1) is sufficient since 30% of 90 is 0.3 x 90 = 27. (2) is not sufficient since we do not know the total number of items sold. So the correct response is A. A note of caution: Never let information in (1) influence your decision regarding the information in (2). In this example we cannot assume that 90 items were sold when deciding if (2) provides sufficient information. This is the Amnesia trick that undisciplined test takers will always fall into. Remember to look at each statement individually before comparing the two.

———————————————————————
5. From a group of 10 teachers, a committee of N teachers has to be formed. What is the value of N?
(1) There are 120 ways to form the required committee
(2) If the group had 2 more teachers, there would be 220 ways to form the required committee

A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but Statement (2) alone is not sufficient
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but Statement (1) alone is not sufficient
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient

Solution:
(C) Either statement alone is not sufficient to answer the question. This is because equation 10CN = 120 as well as equation 12CN = 220 has two roots: formula for combinations is such that 10CN = 10C(10 – N) and 12CN = 12C(12 – N).

However, if we combine the two statements, we will be able to answer the question. From Statement 1 it follows that N is either 7 or 3. From Statement 2 it follows that N is either 9 or 3. From Statement 1 + Statement 2 it follows that N is 3. Therefore, both statements are needed.

‘Analogy’ means ‘correspondence’.

In questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives provided. Analogy tests are therefore meant to test a candidate’s overall knowledge, power of reasoning and ability to think concisely and accurately. Below are given some common relationships which will help you detect most analogies better.

Study some basic relationships to simplify your hold over analogy questions.

1. Instrument and Measurement:

Ex. Barometer: Pressure

Barometer is an instrument used to measure pressure.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Thermometer: Temperature
2. Anemometer: Wind vane
3. Odometer: Speed
4. Scale: Length
5. Balance: Mass
6. Sphygmomanometer: Blood Pressure
7. Rain Gauge: Rain
8. Hygrometer: Humidity
9. Ammeter: Current
10. Screw Gauge: Thickness
11. Seismograph: Earthquakes
12. Taseometer : Strains

2. Quantity and Unit:

Ex. Length: Metre

Metre is the unit of length.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Mass: Kilogram
2. Force: Newton
3. Energy: Joule
4. Resistance: Ohm
5. Volume: Litre
6. Angle: Radians
7. Power: Watt
8. Potential: Volt
9. Work: Joule
10. Time: Seconds
11. Current: Ampere
12. Luminosity: Candela
13. Pressure: Pascal
14. Area: Hectare
15. Temperature: Degrees
16. Conductivity: Mho
17. Magnetic field: Oersted

3. Individual and Group:

Ex. Sailors: Crew

A group of sailors is called a crew.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Cattle: Herd
2. Flowers: Bouquet
3. Grapes: Bunch
4. Singer: Chorus
7. Sheep: Flock
8. Riders: Cavalcade
9. Bees: Swarm
10.Man: Crowd

4. Animal and Young one:

Ex. Cow: Calf

Calf is the young one of cow.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Horse: Pony
2. Cat: Kitten
3. Sheep: Lamb
4. Butterfly: Caterpillar
5. Insect: Larva
6. Dog: Puppy
7. Hen: Chicken
8. Lion: Cub
9. Duck: Duckling
10. Man: Child

5. Male and Female:

Ex. Horse: Mare

Mare is the female horse.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Dog: Bitch
2. Stag: Doe
3. Son: Daughter
4. Lion: Lioness
5. Sorcerer: Sorceress
6. Drone: Bee
7. Gentlemarl : Lady
8. Nephew: Niece
9. Tiger: Tigress

6. Individual and Class:

Ex. Lizard: Reptile Lizard belongs to the class of reptiles.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Man: Mammal
2. Ostrich: Bird
3. Snake: Reptile
4. Butterfly: Insect
5. Whale: Mammal
6. Rat: Rodent

7. Individual and Dwelling Place:

Ex. Dog: Kennel

A dog lives in a kennel.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Bee: Apiary
2. Cattle: Shed
3. Lion: Den
4. Poultry: Farm
5. Monk: Monastery
6. Fish: Aquarium
7. Birds: Aviary
8. Horse: Stable

8. Study and Topic:

Ex. Ornithology: Birds

Ornithology is the study of birds.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Seismology: Earthquakes
2. Botany: Plants
3. Onomatology: Names
4. Ethnology: Human Races
5. Ontology: Reality
6. Herpetology: Amphibians
7. Pathology: Diseases
8. Astrology: Future
9. Anthropology: Man
10. Palaeography : Writings
11. Ichthyology: Fishes
12. Semantics: Language
13. Nephrology: Kidney
14. Concology : Shells
15. Haematology : Blood
16. Craniology: Skull
17. Mycology: Fungi
18. Entomology : Insects
19. Zoology: Animals
20. Occultism: Supernatural
21. Oology : Eggs
22. Virology: Viruses
23. Malacology : Molluscs
24. Palaeontology: Fossils
25. Pedology: Soil
26. Taxonomy: Classification
27. Orography: Mountains
28. Selenography : Moon
29. Eccrinology: Secretions
30. Histology: Tissues
31. Nidology : Nests
32. Cardiology: Heart
33. Phycology : Algae
34. Bryology : Bryophytes

9. Worker and Tool:

Ex. Blacksmith: Anvil

Anvil is the tool used by a blacksmith.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Carpenter: Saw
2. Woodcutter: Axe
3. Tailor: Needle
4. Labourer: Spade
5. Soldier: Gun
6. Sculptor: Chisel
7. Mason: Plumbline
8. Chef: Knife
9. Doctor: Stethoscope

10. Farmer: Plough
11. Author : Pen
12. Surgeon: Scalpel
13. Gardener: Harrow
14. Warrior: Sword
10. Tool and Action:

Ex. Needle: Sew
A needle is used for sewing.

Some more examples are given below:

1. Knife: Cut
2. Sword: Slaughter
3. Mattock: Dig
4. Filter: Purify
5. Steering: Drive
6. Pen: Write
7. Spanner: Grip
8. Spoon: Feed
9. Microscope: Magnify
10. Gun : ‘Shoot
11. Shovel: Scoop
12. Chisel: Carve
13. Oarl: Row
14. Axe : Gripd
15. Auger: Bore
16. Spade: Dig
17. Shield: Guard
18. Loudspeaker: Amplify

Description Ex. 1. What terms will fill the blank spaces?

Z, X, V, T, R, (…….. ), (……… )

(a) 0, K
(b) N, M
(c) K, S
(d) M, N
(e) P, N

Ans. Clearly, the given series consists of alternate letters in a reverse order. So, the missing terms would be P and N. Hence, the answer is (e).

Ex. 2. Which term comes next in the sequence: nd iy dt yo tj ?

(a) mp
(b) nq
(c) of
(d) oe
(e) me

Ans. Clearly, the first and second letters of each term are moved five steps backward to obtain the corresponding letters of the next term.

Hence, the answer is (d).

Ex. 3. What will be the next term in : BDF, CFI, DHL, ?

(a) CJM
(b) ElM
(c) EJO
(d) EMI

ANs. Clearly, the first, second and third letters of each term are respectively moved one, two and three steps forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the next
term. So, the missing term is EJO. Hence, the answer is (c).

Ex. 4. Which term comes next in the series: YEB, WFD, UHG, SKI ?

(a) QOL
(b) QGL
(c) TOL
(d) QNL

Ans. Clearly, the first letter of each term is moved two steps backward to obtain the first letter of the next term. So, the first letter of the missing term will be Q. The second letter of the first, second, third, fourth terms are respectively moved one, two, three and four steps forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the subsequent term. So, the second letter in the missing term will be O. The third letter is alternately moved two and three steps forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the subsequent term. 80, the third letter in the missingterm will be L. Thus, the missing term is QOL. Hence, the answer is (a).

Ex. 5. Which term will replace the question mark in the series:

ABD, DGK, HM8, MTB, 8BL, ? -

(a) ZKW
(b) ZKD
(c) ZAB
(d) XKW

Ans. Clearly, the first letters of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth terms are moved three, four, five, six and seven steps forward respectively to obtain the first letter of the successive terms. The second letters of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth terms are moved five, six, seven, eight and nine steps forward respectively to obtain the second letter of the successive terms. The third letters of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth terms are moved seven, eight, nine, ten and eleven steps forward respectively to obtain the third letter of the successive terms. Thus, the missing term would be ZKW. Hence, the answer is (a).

Ex. 6. Choose the term which will continue the following series:

P 3 C, R 5 F, T 8 I, V 12 L, ?

(a)Y170
(b)X17M
(c)X170
(d)X160

Ans. Clearly, the first letters of the terms are alternate.The sequence followed by the numbers is + 2, + 3, + 4, … . The last letter of each term is three steps ahead of the last letter of the preceding term. Thus, the next term would be X 17 O. Hence, the answer is (c)

The Critical Reasoning section is meant to measure one’s ability to think logically and to evaluate the reasoning of others. One will be asked to evaluate an argument and its strength and validity.

The questions in Critical Reasoning consist of three parts.

1. The initial statement/s: These will be in the form of a short passage and shall contain an argument or a line of reasoning.
2. A question: This asks you to evaluate the argument, for example by finding the main point of the passage, by finding a flaw in the argument or by spotting a premise that would strengthen or weaken the given argument.
3. Four answer choices: Each question is followed by four answer choices and one has to choose the best option, based solely on the information presented in the given passages. One should not impose the judgments on the argument while choosing the answer. One should go strictly by the facts presented in the passage.

Important terms :

An Argument is a line of reasoning adopted by an author to prove his point. The point or the central idea that is being proved by the argument is called the Conclusion. An argument tries to prove the conclusion on the basis of certain statements or facts which are called Premises. It is any statement that the author uses to support the conclusion.

Look at the following sentence:
There was not much traffic on the roads this morning so it must be a holiday.
The main point that the author is trying to make here is that today must be a holiday. That is the conclusion of the sentence. To make this point he has used a reasoning that there is not much traffic on the roads in the morning, which implies that today must be a holiday. So the premise is that there was not much traffic on the roads in the morning.

Strategies to tackle Critical Reasoning:

1. Don’t treat critical reasoning passages like reading comprehension passages. This means one should never skim over the passage — each word is important.
2. It usually helps to read the question first as one will know what to look in the passage.
3. Don’t consider any information that is outside the scope of the passage.
4. Use only the information given in the passage.
5. Try to locate the conclusion and the premises before one attempt the questions.
6. Never rule out seemingly obvious or simple choices. They might be the correct ones.
7. Read all the choices even if one feels one have spotted the correct choice.

LOGIC is the ’science of thought as expressed in language. This means that the questions on logic are to be solved as per the information given without any concern of the formal validity or truth of the statements i.e; conclusion should follow directly from the statements given. With this unique characteristic, the Logic Test becomes an instrument of teaching the candidates to follow the rules and work as per the instructions without an error. Thus, it prepares the mind for all types of reasoning practices and teaches how to detect and avoid mistakes in the same.

LOGICAL REASONING

In Logic, any statement is termed as the Proposition. Thus, a Proposition is a statement expressing certain relation between two or more terms,
analogous to a sentence in grammar. The Proposition consists of three parts:

1. Subject: The Subject is that about which something is said.
2. Predicate: The Predicate is the part of the Proposition denoting that which is affirmed or denied about the subject.
3. Copula: The Copula is that part of the Proposition which denotes the relation between the Subject and the Predicate.

Consider the Proposition-

‘Man is cultured’.
Here an information is given about the man. So ‘Man’is the Subject.

‘Cultured’ is the quality affirmed for this Subject. So it is the Predicate. ‘is’ denotes the relation between the Subject and the Predicate. So, it is the Copula.

Four Fold Classification of Propositions:
‘Propositions’ can be classified into four types:

1. Universal Affirmative Proposition (denoted by A) : It distributes only the subject i.e., the Predicate is not interchangeable with the subject while maintaining the validity of the Proposition. e.g.,

All men are animals. This is Proposition A since we cannot say ‘All animals are men.’

2. Universal Negative Proposition (denoted by E) : It distributes both the Subject and the Predicate i.e., an entire class of predicate term is denied to the entire class of the subject term, as in the proposition. e.g.

No boy is intelligent.

3. Particular Affirmative Proposition (denoted by I) : It distributes ‘neither the Subject nor the Predicate. e.g.

Some people are foolish.

Here, the subject term ‘Some people’ is used not for all but only for some men and similarly the predicate term ‘foolish’ is affirmed for a part of subject class. So, both are undistributed. 4. Particular Negative Proposition (denoted by 0) :

It distributes only the Predicate. e.g., Some animals are not wild. Here the subject term ’some animals’ is used only for a part of its class and hence is undistributed while the predicate term ‘wild’ is denied in entirety to the subject term and hence is distributed. These facts can be summarized as follows:

Proposition

Type

(a) (A) distributes subject only.
(b) (E) distributes subject and predicate both.
(c) (I) distributes neither.
(d) (0) distributes predicate only

All S is P.
No S is P.
Some S is P.
Some S is not P.

SYLLOGISM: In Logic, we are required to deal with a particular type, termed as Syllogism. It was introduced by Aristotle.
In Syllogism, a conclusion has to be drawn from two propositions, referred to as the Premises.

Example:
1. All lotus are flowers.
2. All flowers are beautiful.
3. All lotus are beautiful.

Clearly, the propositions 1 and 2 are the Premises and the proposition 3, which follows from the first two propositions, is called the Conclusion.
Term: In Logic, a TERM is a word or a combination of words, which by itself can be used as a subject or predicate of a proposition.

Syllogism is concerned with three terms:

1. Major Term: It is the predicate of the conclusion and is denoted by P (first letter of ‘Predicate.)
2. Minor Term: It is the subject of the conclusion and is denoted by S (first letter of ‘Subject’).
3. Middle Term: It is the term common to both the premises and is denoted by M (first letter of ‘Middle’).

Note that the middle term does not occur in the conclusion.

Example:
Premises:
1. All dogs are animals.
2. Tiger is a dog.

Conclusion: Tiger is an animal.

Here, ‘animal’ is the predicate of the conclusion and so, it is the Major Term, P. ‘Tiger’ is the subject of the conclusion and so, it is the Minor Term, S. ‘Dog’ is the term common to both the premises and so, it is the Middle Term, M. Major and Minor Premise: Of the two premises, the major premise is that in which the middle term is the subject and the minor premise is that in which the middle term is the predicate. . Rules for deriving the conclusion:

1. The conclusion does not contain the middle term.

Logical Consistency questions have a main statement followed by four answer alternatives. One of these is logically correct and consistent with the main statement. Again, speed is a crucial factor here.
For example,
Main Statement: If you are in the IIMs, you have cleared the CAT.

It is very evident that if I am in the IIMs, I have cleared CAT. Can we also conclude that if I am not in the IIMs, I have not cleared CAT? No. Is it possible for one to have cleared CAT and not be in the IIMs – YES. The statement says that if you are in the IIMs, you have definitely cleared the CAT. But one can clear CAT and choose not to be in the IIMs.

Thus the only conclusions possible are:
1. you are in the IIMs implies you have cleared CAT.
2. you have not cleared CAT implies you are not in the IIMs.

The main statement may have any of the following variants:
1. if
2. if and only if
3. whenever
4. either….or
5. only when
Let us understand the difference between the “if” and “if and only if” as well as the “when” and “only when” type of questions.

Statement : If it rains, the ground is wet.
Meaning : Here the ground can be wet otherwise also, i.e. when it does not rain. But if it rains the ground is surely wet.

Statement : If and only if it rains, the ground is wet.
Meaning : Here the ground cannot be wet otherwise i.e. if the ground is wet, it must have rained. Also, it goes without saying that if it rained, the ground is wet.

Statement : When Raj studies, he gets a headache.
Meaning : Here he can get a headache otherwise also.

Statement : Only when Raj studies, he gets a headache.
Meaning : Here Raj cannot get a headache due to any reason other than studying.

The “either-or” type of question is as simple as the name suggests – either this or that e.g.

Statement : Either Sushmita or Aishwarya is beautiful
Here the conclusions can be:
1. Sushmita is beautiful implies Aishwarya is not beautiful
2. Aishwarya is beautiful implies Sushmita is not beautiful